Shayla Smith

Summer Swimming Incident Shayla Smith stayed a few nights of summer vacation with her friend, Tamara, whose Mom and Dad, Bob and Susan Tuttle, took Shayla and their daughter, Tamara, camping. Shayla’s mom was happy for the break, as Shayla is dyslexic, and that has caused her to have a difficult time at school. Consequently, she acts out, and is a handful for her single mom! The campground is small, but has a fun mini-golf game, hiking trails, and has a pool, but no diving board, and no lifeguard; it is a sand-bottom pool, fed by an artesian well, so it is clean, but murky.The owners, Owen and Dolly Jones, who own and operate the campground, don’t have any security on the premises because they are a ‘mom and pop’ operation, and the campers all come back year after year. The sign out front says, â€Å"Everyone’s family at the O & D Family Campground! † Tamara’s family was looking for a summer spot to which they can return year after year , so they gave the O & D a try this year. The first morning after arriving, the two 10 year-old girls hit the pool at about 9:30, even though it is not supposed to open for another half hour, according to the sign at the entrance.Tamara dove into the pool, and said, â€Å"Ow! It’s shallow here, but it is warm! Come on in! † Shayla yelled, â€Å"What? † and dove in right next to Tamara, but she hit bottom and broke her arm. Tamara saved her from drowning by pulling her to the side of the pool, and then helping her out to the bank. They call out for Tamara’s parents, who came out and immediately called the ambulance. Owen and Dolly returned from breakfast in town, and rushed into the pool area before the ambulance even arrived.Tamara’s mom wondered why the pool was not marked as shallow on that end, but Dolly says they put up the signs every morning when they get ready to officially open the pool, plus the pool is sand bottom and relatively soft anyw ay. Shayla’s family wants to sue Tamara’s parents for negligent supervision, as well as the campground for negligence. Writing Assignment 1: Post-Interview Memorandum This week, you should be working on your Post-Interview Memorandum. In most cases, paralegals are responsible for dictating memoranda to clients' files that summarize information obtained during interviews.Depending on a particular firm's preference, the summary may be in narrative or outline form. Post-interview memoranda should be prepared immediately after an interview, when details and notes remain familiar and fresh in your mind. There are typically five parts to a memorandum: (1) preamble, (2) description of the client's problem (Issue); (3) evaluation of the client; (4) discussion of the relevant facts; (5) conclusions and recommendations about the case. You will be writing a post-interview memorandum and submitting it in Unit 3.The memo will be based primarily on the facts given in the fact scenar io (first introduced in Unit 1) and on your own impression of the case. Additionally, you will â€Å"interview† Shayla and her mom, Mary Smith, in the Unit 2 seminar. Your instructor will play the roles of the witnesses. If you believe you will need additional facts, you should create a section in the memo that describes the other information you will need. See the sample post-interview memorandum below, as well as the description that follows it.Also see the Sample Interview Summary based on your initial interview of Mary Smith, Shayla's mom. The seminar â€Å"interview† will be your initial meeting with Shayla and your follow-up interview of Mary. Client Evaluation (Preamble): Evaluation of Mary Smith Date: 6-1-2008 [Put Issue here] Client Impression: Mary Smith is the mother of the injured child, Shayla. She is Caucasian, weighs approximately 150 lbs. , and is 5'2†³. She has a full head of dark brown hair worn at shoulder length.Mary is a secretary in a small i nsurance agency and is dressed professionally in a black suit. Mary was cooperative during the interview and was very responsive to my questions. However, she did not bring in any documentation though we had requested her medical bills, etc. Mary repeatedly asked me how long the case would take and mentioned her â€Å"large bills† from Shayla's accident several times. Mary is a single mother, and Shayla's father is not really in the picture and provides no financial support for Shayla's care. Mary does not have any kind of insurance.I found Mary to be a nice-looking woman though a bit frazzled. She was articulate but talked a little loudly. I think she would make a good impression on a judge or jury, but she is a little anxious to â€Å"score the big one† for Shayla's injuries. [Put Facts Here] Fact Questions: Where is the campground located? Who was supervising Shayla and Tamara? What is the layout of the pool? How deep and large is it? Were there any signs around the pool? Is there a lifeguard on duty? Have there been previous incidences at this campground pool?I am not sure Mary and Shayla have a viable case, as more investigation is needed. Recommend that we do the following fact development: More contact with client regarding bills and treatment Interviews with all witnesses, including ambulance personnel Obtain information about the campground, the pool, and any warning signs Obtain all medical records [put short conclusion here] Submit your paper to the Dropbox by the end of Unit 3. For additional help, view Power Point Presentation on legal memoranda below.

Computer Literacy Essay

Introduction: †¢ How many people in this classroom learn to use computer? As I look around, no one in this classroom, don’t use computer in their offices. †¢ We are all students of AIC, and most likely gone to different basic computer course. †¢ Does studying computer affect the way we communicate? And if so, is this a bad thing? Development †¢ As our society, increasingly dependent on computers to take care of our daily needs, it creates a high demand for skilled professionals to maintain as well as take advantage of this technology. o Pose-Pause-Pounce-Praise †¢ Questions 1. Why do we need to study the use of computer? 2. What is the personal cost as â€Å"studying a computer† becomes a necessity? (requirement, obligation, essential) †¢ We have to go in training †¢ Read & Practice †¢ Tutorial 3. When is the last time you use a computer? †¢ 4. What will you do, if you don’t know how to use computer in case of presentation or research? †¢ Library, other resources 5. Amplify †¢ I’m referring to computer literacy. As computer literacy becomes a necessity, we are faced with the facts that we are in a ever-changing society that demands the use of technology †¢ We will keep putting aside the cost of this literacy as long as we only see the positive aspects of a technology-centered future. KEYPOINT 2: IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER †¢ Questions 1. What is the significance of having a computer in our work? 2. When is the last time that your office procures or upgrades your computer because of increasing demands from your clients? 3. What applications do use in your computer? 4. What will happen if we still use typewriters to share information? 5. Amplify †¢ Information and communication are the two most important strategic issues for the success of every organization. Computers help us to solve this issues.

A Study on the Framing Effect of People When Decisions Are Made Through Foreign Language and Native Language

A Study on the Framing Effect of People When Decisions Are Made Through Foreign Language and Native Language A study was carried out to test the framing effect of people after a foreign language and a native language are used to make decisions. A number of participants who spoke specific common native and secondary language were used in the study to determine the effect indicating that this was an experiment that sought to determine how native language and a second language affect decision making. Dependent variables in an experiment refer to the variables that can never be operational in the absence of the others while independent variables refer to the variables that are operational in the absence of the others. Independent variables in this experiment were the language used since one could have made a decision using any language while the dependent variables were the experimental outcomes since any outcome depended on the language used. Random samples of different groups of participants who spoke common native and common foreign languages were selected and their fluency in these languages evaluated. Those that never met the standards required were eliminated from the selected participants to encourage uniformity. Different groups were then presented with two cases in which they were supposed to make a decision favoring one of the cases using both the native and foreign language. And the results were collected basing on the extent to which a decision was made in native language and the extent to which it was made in a foreign language It was discovered that bias in decision making can be eliminated when using an alien dialect. The four experiments conducted indicated that the framing effect tends to disappear when a foreign language is used in making a decision after being presented with choices. It was also discovered that people tend to be risk aversive when advantages are considered and and tend to be risk seeking when there exists cases of losses and when there is a presentation of choices in the native language and the framing manipulation had no effect on them (Shiv, et al, 2005). Additional experiments indicated that evading losses undergoes reductionwhere alien dialect is in usewhen making decisions thus the chances of accepting both hypothetical and real bets are high Critique The experiment is not 100% reliable and valid to the extent that very few random samples were taken to represent the whole population in the globe. There are those people who have almost equal command of native and foreign language and using both languages, they can make similar decisions. Such people were never included in the experiment. The experiment was also conducted in a few parts of the globe thus ignoring most of the other parts when coming up with the conclusion. This means that the findings were never correctly interpreted. Further interpretation and research can be made when almost all parts of the globe are covered to minimize generalization. Ethical safeguards were never fully employed since the beliefs of the people were never fully considered especially when dealing with the cases of making choices regarding bets since there are a number of people who do not believe in such issues thus their decisions get jeopardized. A follow-up study can be used to study the exten t of emotions presented when using a native language and a foreign language. According to CaldwellAycicegi (2009),it can be noted that people are more emotionally attached to their native language thus displaying a higher degree of emotions than when alien dialect is used. However, the results presented were strong since the command and decision making as well as emotions are stronger when using the native language than a foreign language. Therefore, the distance in the attachment of the cognitive self with a foreign language results to the presented findings. Such issues tend to be additional implications of using foreign language over the native language. The problem with the research is that only a small group was used in the study to represent the whole globe where people from all walks of life were never involved in order to come up with the correct decision. The method is better in presenting decisions that are reached when making decisions using a foreign language and native language. It can be noted that a more desired decision that is free of bias can be reached at when alien dialect is used. Brief summary Bias when making decisons can be reduced when a foreign dialect is employed and â€Å"framing effect† tends to disappear in cases where decisions the presentation of decisions is made in an alien dialect (Benjamin, Brown, Shapiro, 2006.avding of losses tends to take place when alien dialect is employed due to the huge cognitive and emotional distance caused by a foreign language. This experiment could have been more desirable if a large part of the global population was used in the experiment instead of using a very small sample to make the decision pertaining to the whole globe. The experiment can be used in making decisions where more desirable decisions that are free of bias are made. Trauma-Informed School Social Work Everyone in a school setting is subject to various forms of pressure, scarce resources and demand. Young people and adults both attend school each with an independent history of trauma that is hard to identify. Therefore, a trauma-informed approach is critical when employed in dealing with students in a school setting. This is because if left unattended, it affects the students’ behavioural, social and academic performance. Various other technical means might not work in cases where trauma is involved leading to traumatization of the student. A study conducted within a period of the year yielded results indicating that 60% of children are subject to violence or abuse (Finkelhor et al, 2009). An assumption that at least every student in a school setting has ever experienced a traumatizing event can be made. Trauma originates from an event that threatens a person’s safety thus making him fear, experience horror or even feel hopeless). Trauma can be as a result of domestic violence, sexual or physical abuse, violence, emotional or physical neglect, betrayal, accidents, life-threatening illness among others (National Child, Traumatic Network, 2013). Traumatic incidences may affect the behaviour, social or even academic performance of a student (Steel and Malchiodi, 2012). Trauma-informed responses become a remedy of the misbehaviours and punishments that may affect the involved student (Blaustein and Kinniburgh, 2010) Adults may be faced with unruly behaviours that originate from the traumatized students. At such a time the efforts of the adults to bring to an end the funny behaviour may not bear fruits which leads to frustration and anger among the involved parties. The trauma-informed approach is critical in opening up new possibilities for change where disciplinary methods are employed in such a way that while teaching the child how to regulate his emotions, safety and empathy are employed. These can be done at the same time since firm discipline and empathy are not mutually exclusive. The administrators, workers as well as teachers areon how to identify and retort to trauma cases. Trauma-informed school is concerned about the recovery and resilience of traumatized students through the implementation of organizational practices, policies and culture that help in the reflection of trauma skills and awareness and thus ensuring student’s security comes first (Ryan, Testa and Zai 2008) The school social workers should, therefore, be involved in teaching the students, school staff and the society in general about what trauma is and how it tends to affect the individuals. They should also be involved in the process of creating a collaborative network that links the parents, school personnel, teachers and the community in general which helps in the creation and monitoring of school policies that ensure the safety of the students from traumatizing experiences. The school social workers are the catalysts for ensuring that a trauma-informed school culture is created to ensure the safety of everyone in the school. This can only be done by mediating the parents, the school staff and the teachers to come up with the best ways to deal with the student’s behaviour and fostering academic achievements in a trauma-informed manner. They should also educate the teachers on how to deal with the students without getting angry or using harsh language. School social workers and the staff should always focus on the child’s cognition as well as the sensory processes that require sensory intervention. Social workers should also be involved in sharing with the students a curriculum that helps in teaching the students how to identify their bodily sensations and emotions helping the students to identify the difference between the past and the present occurrences which allows them to handle each situation differently. Social workers should also b e involved in engaging parents and teachers who might as well be traumatized and helping them deal with such situations and educating them on how to handle students as well as their children. Employing a trauma-informed approach in a school is the best thing that one can do since it takes care of the traumatized students and adults in general. It is necessary for school social workers to intervene and ensure that the approach has been employed and that the students, teachers and the parents have been educated on how to handle traumatizing events which foster behavioural academic and social improvements. Marginalization of School’s Social Workers When the practice of social working began, the social workers acted as the mediators for the students who seemed to be at risk thus acting as a linkage between the homes and the schools (Allen, Washington and Welsh, 1996). Various reforms were seen in the education sector due to the widespread changes that took place in the globe due to industrialization include the compulsory law of school attendance(Phillippo and Blosser, 2013). Therefore, the social workers have for a long time been considered the best means through which student’s problems can be solved. The responsibility of the social workers in schools has been assumed where they have not been involved in making the major decisions in schools. Perpetuated by the consequential practices and shift in the philosophical framework that shapes the responsibilities of the workers, it is evident that marginalization of the of the school’s social workers has taken place for a long time. With the shift in the responsibilities of the social workers, their work has currently been seen as handling mental illnesses in schools rather than addressing the attendance of the students in schools and their changes in behaviors as well as informing their families on the educational requirements and as well as the available community resources (Phillippo and Blosser, 2013). Phillippo and Blosser, (2013) states that the reforms made in the education system in the 1970s which promoted learning among the students with cognitive learning issues as well as physical challenges and advocated for the n ecessity of social workers to schools saw them being the reasonable people who can be charged with the responsibility of taking care of this kind of students. However as they provided the necessary services to the mentally and physically challenged students, their contribution and incidence in the general education system gradually faded D’ Agostino, (2013) concurs with Philippo and Blosser by stating that marginalization has also been exacerbated by the financial constraints for special education where the available capital determines and describes the job done by the social workers and their day to day activities within the school thus limiting their involvement and responsibilities in school affairs. As a result, social workers contribution in the general education has been dismissed since they are only known to deal with the disabled students in the society which is known to be their traditional role thus underestimating their value in the school and the society in general. The occupational profile of social workers is created by â€Å"National Association of Social Workers† (NASW, 2010). It defines the responsibility of the social workers within a school such as conducting home visits, developing plans for treatment, student’s advocacy as well as completion of family and students assessment among other similar roles. There lacks the role of curriculum development and development of leadership activities in the school thus the profession seems to devalue the workers in some way. It is, therefore, necessary for the school administrators and the social workers to come together and redefine the roles and responsibility and contribution to schools and students success (Bye et al, 2009). This would help in eliminating the rift that exists between the social workers and the school guidance and counselling workers in all departments especially in leadership (Altshuler and Webb, 2009) which creates a necessity for their collaboration with the sc hool’s leadership. The social workers must also be versed with self-advocacy which allows to speak to the world and explain the essence of their practices in schools. Social workers have largely contributed to the achievement of the scholars in a school. However unrecognized, their work is unimaginably explicit. There should be a change in the system that defines the roles of the social workers in a school in order to endorse them with the responsibilities that they are supposed to carry out in a school. Apart from their contribution in helping the mentally and psychologically challenged students, they should be allowed to interact with the other students and be involved in school matters to transform the lives of the students and the operations of the school for the better.

Business Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Information System - Essay Example Particularly they are required to help each resident attain or uphold the highest possible mental, psychosocial and physical well being. Care and treatment provided must improve o r maintain health subject to resident’s right to select and decline services. The standards of care in nursing homes are government prospect however quality is not assured. Geriatrics has various needs that aids in its day to day operations. First of all accommodation need. A resident has the right to obtain services and reside with reasonable accommodation of personal desires and needs. The institutions should acclimatize things like room arrangements, schedules, call systems and staff assignments to contain residents’ exclusive needs, desires and preferences. If there is existence of communication barrier between the staff and residents, the nursing g home is required to ensure adequate communication through use of interpreters or other measures that will facilitate communication. Secondly adequate nursing and other employees are required in the nursing homes to meet the needs of each resident in the geriatric at all times. The nursing homes are also required to establish an all-inclusive and individualized care plan for each resident that states care needs and how they will be met. This ensures proper and up to standards services are adhered to by the staff employed, considering the number and personal attention each resident requires or is entitled to. One of the most widespread reasons why people seek nursing home care is due to urinary incontinence and uncontrollable bladder. Incontinence and lack of toileting aid results too many serious problems for example isolation, pressure sores and psychological harm. Each resident bowel control complications must be thoroughly assessed and given care and treatments that can improve the condition. Many geriatric occupants are not incontinent but require

Will Paper Based Books Survive or will the E-media completely Replace Essay

Will Paper Based Books Survive or will the E-media completely Replace Paper Media - Essay Example In addition, the passion of e-books can be mainly observed among the young generations of the countries as compared to others. It is predominantly due to the introduction of varied electronic gadgets such as iPad, tablet and kindle. Moreover, it also spotlights, varied benefits which it offers to its publishers, booksellers, authors and customers. In addition, the report also depicts that emergence of e-books and e-readers would replace the paper books in the future markets. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Critical Analysis of e-Books and e-Readers 5 Market Analysis of e-Books and e-Readers 5 Customer Needs and Wants from e-books and e-readers 6 Value Chain Analysis From Author To Reader 7 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 Strategic Analysis of the Future Direction of This Market 9 References 10 Bibliography 13 Introduction In this era of globalisation and industrialisation, the passion of e-books and e-readers has increased at a rapid pace. Th is is due to the emergence of information technology (IT) in the universities and colleges all over the world. Moreover, due to the increased passion of internet mainly among the young generation of varied countries, the craze for e-books and e-readers has improved by a large extent. The term ‘e-book’ can be referred to electronic book or digital book which can be viewed with the help of electronic media. It mainly comprises texts, images and information similar to paper books. Besides, the digital or e-books are rather more efficient and effective in utilisation. Furthermore, with the help of digital books, varied old but valuable books or journals can be utilised for the purpose of reading in order to enhance the learning and knowledge of individuals (Miller, 2009). On the other hand, paper printed books may not be available always for the customers or students, which might create an intricate situation. Thus, due to the emergence of e-media, the numbers of e-books ar e increasing thereby enhancing the amount of the e-readers (Deangelo, 2011). Apart from these, the passion of e-books is mainly observed in case of a particular section of individuals i.e. youth among others, which is quite noteworthy. Moreover, this strategy or concept also augmented the satisfaction and contentment of the readers as it can be accessed at any point of time. Still, paper books are recognised as one of the most efficient assets of both modern as well as previous times. The report mainly highlights the impact of e-media over the paper-books. Furthermore, it also attempts to identify the benefits and the advantages of utilisation of e-books rather than paper-books in this age of globalisation. In addition, it also spotlights varied aspects related to the increased passion for e-books among a specific section of individuals i.e. youth. The report is divided into three sections namely introduction, critical analysis of e-books and e-readers along with conclusion and reco mmendations. Critical Analysis of e-Books and e-Readers Market Analysis of e-Books and e-Readers A market segment is referred to the classification of a particular group of customers consisting of certain definite characteristics along with uniform demands and requirements. It also attempts to recognise certain specific qualities such as quality, price and design among others. The passion of e-books has highly increased among the young generation of varied countries namely Southern Africa and the United Kingdom (Advertising Forecast, 2011). This is due to the fact the craze of internet is increasing mainly among the young generations of the countries within the age group (10 to 35 years), which is quite beneficial and detrimental as well. The passion is

Entrepreneur and New Product Development - Case Study Analysis Essay

Entrepreneur and New Product Development - Case Study Analysis - Essay Example Many entrepreneurs have benefited from exceptional product design and expert financial and legal advice, built a stable and profitable business that can succeed in any business environment but have failed due to wrong planning of the time to may be launching the new product in the market. Many spend much time and emphasis in the plan on the strength of the management team they have recruited, the attractive financials and how wonderful the product or service is, than on how to use the strategy to enter the market and continue to penetrate the market over time. Most find themselves trapped in financial, personal and social tensions. With the advent of technology, the world has turned more global and is fast becoming a global village. Entrepreneurs too are not left out as most Australian companies are increasingly investing abroad. Their faith abroad is often very uncertain as they do not know the exact conditions and competitors they will meet, what patterns are customer demands and many issues. Normally, investing abroad has constrains due to the uncertain market. These problems are usually at different levels such as political environment, socio-economic environment, demographic environment, legal environment, and economic environment. 2.1. Political environment: Investing in a politically unstable environment is often hard to determine what may happen to the business. May be the image of the leader in power may be a stumbling block to your business as the image of the goods and services you produce may be looked at differently. Even on the domestic market of the country may be a particular problem. Take the simple case of Santa Teresa investing in Venezuela. Going by the words of the writer, supporters of Chavez should have thought that Mr. Vollmers was just the kind of person they see in their president. This situation may lead to tensions between customers and even lost of market position to competitors. Like

Discussions W1-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussions W1-3 - Assignment Example This include: independence, integrity, objectivity and being transparent. The body hopes that its independence from undue pressure will not have an influence in its decision-making processes. The board has to be ethical, honest and forthright in all its relationships. It also has to be impartial in its decisions so that it can encourage open public participation. FASB on the other hand, is responsible for improving the financial accounting and reporting by non-governmental agencies. The boards has to ensure that such institutions provide financial information that is accurate and useful to investors and other end users. The board encourages broad participation of all stakeholders view in an effort to come up with better financial reporting standards. There are some differences in accounting for profits and nonprofit financial reporting. The standards of reporting for the two accounting boards are very different especially when it comes to accounting for profit. In recognition of prof its for instance, GABS does not necessarily recognize profits because it is a non-profit making venture and instead it may be called surplus. FASB on the other hand, does recognize profits in its financial reporting and is one of the most important information for decision makers. Therefore, profit is always recognized and has to be reported in the financial statements of profit making institutions. Government reporting is often a challenge especially when one has to consider that the government has to take into consideration different aspects. For instance, government reporting is different for counties and that of the city because of different reasons. First, the counties are usually under the local authorities and the cities are usually under a municipality and thus the difference. The reporting also has to take into consideration the number of residents or the population of the inhabitants. This is especially crucial in knowing what the resources will be allocated to each county and city. As is the case, some counties are larger than cities and some cities are bigger than counties. Therefore, there has to be some consistency in reporting of financial statements for the two. GABS reporting on financial statements of non-profit making institutions has to take into consideration three main characteristics. First, the information shared has to be useful to the end users. The main use of information is to influence decision-making, therefore the information has to be useful to people who are not looking for profits but rather how resources or services have been provided effectively. Secondly, GABS has to take into consideration the fact that most users are not familiar with accounting standards for governmental organizations. Therefore, the board has to educate and guide the end users in interpreting financial reporting for non-profit organizations. Finally, the decision makers are the most important and integral part of reporting. The government should not alt er any information on financial statements to influence the minds of the decision makers (gasb.org, 2012). There are similarities and contrasts in the way financial reporting is conducted under the International financial reporting standards and the U.S GAAP especially when it comes to leases. Both accounting reporting are similar in that they recognize the three types of leases. They recognize the existence of a capital lease, a financial lease and an operating lease. Secondly, the two

Web Content Outlier Mining Through Using Web Datasets Research Paper

Web Content Outlier Mining Through Using Web Datasets - Research Paper Example The amount of knowledge sought by an individual is always very specific. Search of specific knowledge from the huge databases and data warehouses has become an essential need. Knowledge seekers while surfing web content on internet, come across large amount of information which is irrelevant to the subject of search and it is generally referred as web content outlier. This research investigates different methods of extracting outliers from web contents. Using web contents as data sets, it is aimed to find an algorithm which extract and mine varying contents of web documents of same category. Structure of HTML is used in this paper with various available techniques to model for mining web content outliers. Web content outlier’s mining using web datasets and finding outlier in them. In this modern time, the information is overloaded with huge databases, data warehouses and websites. The growth of internet and uploading and storing of information in bulk on websites is exponentia l. Accessibility of information is also made very easy for common man through internet and web-browser technology. The structure of web is global, dynamic, and enormous which has made it necessary to have tools for automated tracking and efficient analyzing of web data. This necessity of automated tools has started the development of systems for mining web contents. Extracting data is also referred as knowledge discovery in datasets. The process of discovering patterns which are interesting and useful and the procedures for analyzing and establishing their relationships are described as data mining. Most of the algorithms used today in data mining technology find patterns that are frequent and eliminate those which are rare. These rare patterns are described as noise, nuisance or outliers. (Data mining, 2011) The process of mining data involves three key steps of computation. First step is the process of model-learning. Second step is the model evaluation and the third step is the u se of the model. To clearly understand this division, it is necessary to classify data. (Data mining, 2011) The first step in data mining is the model learning. It is the process in which unique attributes are found about a group of data. The attributes classify the group and based on it an algorithm is built which defines the class of the group and establishes its relationship. Dataset with their attributes known are used to test this algorithm, generally called classifier. Results produced by the classifier assist in determining minimum requirements for accepting data of the known class. It gives the amount of accuracy of the model and if the accuracy is acceptable, the model is used to determine the similarity of each document or data in a dataset. (Data mining, 2011) The second step in data mining is the model evaluation. Techniques used for evaluating the model depend largely on the known attributes of data and knowledge types. The objectives of data users determine the tasks f or data mining and types of analysis. These tasks include Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Descriptive Modeling, Predictive Modeling, Discovering Patterns and Rules, and Retrieval by Content. Outliers are generally found through anomaly detection, which is to find instances of data that are unusual and unfit to the established pattern. (Data mining, 2011) Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) show small data sets interactively and visually in the form of a pie chart or coxcomb plot. Descriptive Modeling is the technique that shows overall data distribution such as density estimation, cluster analysis and segmentation, and dependency modeling. Predictive Modeling uses variables having known values to predict the value of a single unknown variable. Classification

Relief Efforts Following the Haiti Earthquake and Failures Essay

Relief Efforts Following the Haiti Earthquake and Failures - Essay Example The essay "Relief Efforts Following the Haiti Earthquake and Failures" discusses the consequences of the Haiti Earthquake. An earthquake of the magnitude that hit Haiti in 2010 required relief on a war footing. The number of casualties and the difficulties of the reconstruction of the infrastructure made relief efforts a daunting task. The invisibility of the Haitian government during the initial days was the major reason as to why there was a failure in coordinating the well-meaning efforts of the international community. Despite the efforts of countries such as the United States of America, the absence of a framework that could provide support from within the country led to much relief material being wasted. This was seen in the absence of any center set up by the government of Haiti for the distribution of food packets. The authority to ask members of a country to perform any action lies vested in the government of the nation. Anarchy ruled in Haiti. With food and other facilities of everyday existence being extremely scarce, the government needed to mobilize itself to ensure that the funds and the materials that were coming into the country from outside were utilized in a good manner. While the lack of infrastructure to deal with an earthquake of this magnitude revealed the lethargic nature of the Haitian gover nment even before the earthquake, its response to the disaster was particularly appalling, one that led the people of its country to resort to looting in order to escape from starvation.

Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Essay

Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in U.S. Hospitals - Essay Example The central point of the study â€Å"Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in U.S. Hospitals† by Poon et al. (2004) is that implementing a Computerized Physician Order Entry system (CPOE) is not easy because the costs are high, there is opposition from various quarters of the hospital, and there may be issues with vendors. Also institutions that do not give importance to quality care and patient safety may not even plan for a CPOE. The main finding of this study is that hospitals can overcome problems during the implementation of the CPOE by having strong leaders who can administer the CPOE, realigning the approach of improving patient safety through technology, and developing strong relationships with a vendor committed to meeting the needs of the hospital and providing a customized CPOE system to the hospital. Besides, hospitals implementing the CPOE without much support and motivation from the senior management are likel y to have various problems during implementation such as physician’s reluctance to use the system, lack of training for the users of the CPOE, and poor involvement in development. Currently, different CPOE vendors use different data processes for transmitting information, and these processes may have high development costs. Consequently, vendors are likely to pass on the costs to the customers, who in turn make it difficult for the smaller hospitals to afford and implement a CPOE System. Instead, if standard data protocols such as Health Level 7 (HL7 – An interational heatlh informatics standard for interoperability) were utilized in the CPOE, then vendors would not only find it easy to incorporate HL7 or other data protocols in their system, but also lower the costs of the CPOE system; in 2009 it was found that 30% of the healthcare budget was spent on redundancies including poor technologies (Doolan, 2009). Prior Research The Poon et al. research study finds three co nsiderations that hospitals should use when planning for implementation of the CPOE system. One consideration is the number of deaths from medication error is about 98000 per year; most of these errors are preventable. Leapfrog Group (a healthcare organization involved with patient safety, healthcare technologies and financing) has considered CPOE as one of the patient goals. The current CPOE adoption rate is about 5 to 10% (Poon et al., 2004). Poon has found that previous studies have described some of the challenges that may be applicable during implementation, but have not come up with solutions. This study tries to go further by providing solutions to these challenges. A need for CPOE was strongly felt when the death rate from medical error (in hospitals in New York) was about 98000 per annum a decade back; a good portion of these errors were preventable (Kohn, 1999, p. 1). By incorporating CPOE in the healthcare system, the chances of reducing the medical errors are about 55 %. ( Doolan et al., 2004). However, as of 2004, it was found that only 10 to 15% of the hospitals in the U.S. actually use CPOE systems, and many of the hospitals are unaware of the manner of addressing challenges that can arise during the implementation of the CPOE should be addressed (Ash, 2004). To understand in greater detail regarding CPOE’s implementation, in-depth interviews were organized with the management of about 26 hospitals in the US that were in various stages of the CPOE implementation. After organizing the interview, three barriers were identified. These included resistance to the CPOE implementation from certain quarters of the hospital, high costs of implementation, and lack of vendor or product maturity. Research Question The research question in Poon et al. (2004) is â€Å"What are the different barriers to the implementation of the CPOE system in the hospital and how can these problems is addressed?† The research aimed at finding ways to identify and tackle

Daycare vs. Home for Children Essay Example for Free

Daycare vs. Home for Children Essay Introduction Nowadays parents are forced to put their children to daycare because both have to work to support family. While daycare are keeping children from infant to older age and for parents are much easier to put their children to day care, there is a great deal of issues about impact behavior. This is particular for children staying to day care long time. Therefore some parents compulsory put their children to daycare. This essay will argue strongly should having children at home. It looks of daycare children behavior and specifically of understanding a difference between children in daycare and children who take at home. Firstly, there is evidence to suggest that per_school children who stay at home get individual attention so it helps to development the strong bond between the children and their mothers. For example, for infant is good time to stay at home with their mothers and having feeding face to face. Quoted (Lees,2006) 70 percent of children that had weak bond with their mothers and 90 percent of children whose having behavior problem such as emotional problem, displayed out bursts or confident with others children, they had not been in a strong bond properly in first 24 months. Therefore, It is clear per_school children who stay at home get more attention that it helps to development their social _emotional in later. Another argument supporting the preschool children should not go to daycare is that children have a negative effect on behavior. Most the children who attend to daycare are from different family with different culture also education. They might be inappropriate play skills or behavior problems. As well the preschool children easily learn from each other’s whole behavior and skills during play times, for this reason have seen behavior problems in per_school children who attend in daycare such as lying, cheating, rudeness, defiance. According to (Lees, 2006) the children who demonstrate behavior problems and also is so tough for their parents to control their bad behavior, they have been attended in daycare 20 hours daycare or more per week. A third reason is spread epidemic daisies in daycare. The children in daycare have proven to get four times sick as children who stay at home. There are millions of bacteria in daycare to children get easily sick. Cold and flu are most common diseases which is easy to treatment while some diseases are difficult to treat. For example, ringworm and chicken pox both of them are so common in daycare and treat difficulty. In addition in the air condition dust is another problem, especially for allergy and asthma suffers. Therefore it is clear those children who stay at home protected of disease. However, there are some parents believe that per_school children who go to day care are better prepared for school. Some believe they learn discipline by sitting the mat being quiet, problem solving and how to shear. As well the children who attending to day care have ability to communicate well with other children. As cited in (VAIMOSO, 2012) â€Å" kids who have gone to preschool or kindergarten come prepared to listen, they socially interact. They recognize letters and numbers, which is big step†. Furthermore, attending to day care could be beneficial both for children and parents also is the big step for them to be successful person in society. In conclusion parents should not send their per_school children to day care. The reason being the children who attend daycare can develop negative behavior and are placed in a epidemic diseases as well it is better for them stay at home where they have individual attention. I suggest if can somehow be cut or eliminate unnecessary bills during this important stage of per_school children life, could be better having one parent stay at home with them per_school children. It is therefore clear that if per_school children stay at home it is both beneficial for children and parents.

Mother tongue education Essay Example for Free

Mother tongue education Essay Mercator International Symposium: Europe 2004: A new framework for all languages? The right to mother tongue medium education-the hot potato in human rights instruments Address by Dr. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas in Opening Plenary As long as we have the language, we have the culture. As long as we have the culture, we can hold on to the land. (pg. 1) In an article called Justice for sale. International law favours market values, Mireille DelmasMarty (2003) discusses the danger in the conflict between legal concepts based on, on the one hand, universal market values , on the other hand, genuinely universal non -market values. The genuinely universal non -market values obviously include individual and collective human rights, as a part of the universal common heritage of humanity. Even if philosophy of both human rights law and philosophically oriented parts of political science now start accepting that there shouldbe normative rights in relation to at least some parts of this heritage (in their terminology common public assets), the legal protection of market values is incommensurably stronger than the protection of non-market values. DelmasMarty exemplifies this with the fact that there is no universal international court that individuals could turn to when their (non -market value based) human rights have been violated. Individual rights are entirely a matter for states, and reports are the only form of monitoring (ibid. ). And if this monitoring, which I have exemplified with the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention, does not support educational linguistic human rights strongly, there is a problem. On the other hand, laws based on market values are being spread by more or less global organizations like the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and, it seems to me, even more dangerously, WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) 25. These laws are being developed extremely rapidly, with harsh sanctions for violations. -(pg. 13) Economist Francois Grin offers through his discussion of market failure in his book about the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2003b) excellent arguments for resisting market dominance for public or common assets/goods like cultural products: â€Å"Even mainstream economics acknowledge that there are some cases where the market is not enough. These cases are called market failure. When there is market failure, the unregulated interplay of supply and demand results in an ina ppropriate level of production of some commodity† (Grin 2003b: 35). In Grins view, many public goods, including minority language protection, are typically under supplied by market forces (ibid. ). The level becomes inappropriately low. Therefore it is the duty of the state(s) to take extra measures to increase it. (pg. 14) Each language reflects a unique world- view and culture complex, mirroring the manner in which a speech community has resolved its problems in dealing with the world, and has formulated its thinking, its system of philosophy and understanding of the world around it. In this, each language is the means of expression of the intangible cultural heritage of people, and it remains a reflection of this culture for some time even after the culture which underlies it decays and crumbles, often under the impact of an intrusive, powerful, usually metropolitan, different culture. However, with the death and disappearance of such a language, an irreplaceable unit in our knowledge and understanding of human thought and world- view is lost forever. (Wurm, ed. 2001: 13). (pg. 17) As long as a numerically small mother tongue does not give you a better job with a higher salary than shifting to a numerically and politically more powerful language, there are, according to thisway of arguing, few arguments to maintain these mother tongues (and bilingualism is often not considered as a real option; the thinking here is often either/or). (pg. 18) I have earlier (Skutnabb -Kangas in press e) claimed that most of these arguments are presented by researchers who tend to write in English and be native speakers of one of the numerically big languages themselves, often English. This does not necessarily mean that they are monolingual themselves, and many of them are global research nomads, holding jobs all over the world, often making the usual rounds in rapid succession, from Britain or USA or Canada to Sydney or Singapore or Hongkong, etc. This means that these researchers have mostly never experienced that their own dominant language has bee n threatened. It seems that many dominant language speakers are much less aware than dominated language speakers of the non -market values of their ownlanguages, and, consequently, of other peoples own languages. At the same time, they are often not aware (or do not want to be aware) of the market benefits that they themselves have access to because of being speakers of dominant languages. Often they take both these benefits and the fact that others are learning their language in a non -reciprocal way, for granted, and are not willing to in any way compensate speakers of dominated languages for these non -earned benefits; they are linguistic free-riders as Philippe van Parijs puts it (2003: 167). This compensation would obviously be fair, even in terms of thetypes of justice that many lawyers accept. Several researchers have started discussing issues in these economic compensation terms (e. g. Grin 2003b, 2004, van Parijs 2003). (pg. 19) Another partially overlapping distinction, also made by Grin (e. g. 2003b: 24-27), can be used to bridge the gap betwe en social market value and non -market value arguments. In describing arguments used to answer the question why anybody, including society as a whole, should bother about maintaining (minority) languages, Grin differentiates between moral considerations arguments and welfare considerations arguments . Most of the legal discourse, including the linguistic human rights considerations, refer to norms about the right tolive in ones own language, even if the extent of the ensuing rights is debated (ibid. : 24- 25). In contrast, the emphasis of the welfare based argument is not on whether something is morally good or bad, but on whether resources are appropriately allocated. The test of an appropriate allocation of resources is whether society is better off as a result of a policy . (pg. 20) Moral or political principles, even if they are sometimes described as human rights, are not necessarily part of internationallaw. They are things that governments should do, if they are nice, not something they must do. Being nice is not a very convincing argument and is less persuasive than rights and freedoms that have the weight of the law behind them. (pg. 20)

A standard costing and variance analysis

A standard costing and variance analysis Study suggests that many companies use standard accounting to determine costs and for measuring performance. However, there has always been speculation on standard costing being the most effective measurement. The actual cost usually differs from the standard costs, which is based on calculations and assumptions. Standard accounting takes into account various factors like price, specifications, quantity and quality of the material. The estimations involved in analyzing and setting standard costs involve the efficiency of the management. If a difference between the actual cost and the standard cost is observed, an investigation is required since it suggests the inefficiency in the calculation of estimates. Relevance of Standard Costing and Variance Analysis The standard costs are calculated according to the following flowchart and the variance is monitored and recalculated at every interval to reduce cost variance. Definition of standard cost: a pre-determined cost calculated in relation to a prescribed set of working conditions, correlating technical specifications and scientific measurements of material and labor to the price and wage rates expected to apply during the period to which the standard cost is intended to relate, with the addition of an appropriate share of budgeted overhead (CIMA [ICMA] definition) The standard costs are to be set by the management after a set of calculations. These calculations can either be based on historical records or on engineering studies. Depending on the type of company and volatility in costs, a great deal of care is to be taken into setting standards. Standard costing is usually applied in conjunction with other costing methods (or variance analysis): Absorption and marginal costing Job and process costing Budgeting and budgetary control Advantages of Standard Costing The costing standards are helpful in establishment of prices, budgets and production schedules. The employees are motivated to maintain efficiency to reduce errors in achieving a target. Management by exception is allowed to be practiced by variances. Record keeping and stock evaluation are harmonized and simplified due to a standard set of costing used across the system. Responsibility is defined with the help of variance analysis. The technical analysis necessary to set standards will result in better methods, greater efficiency and in cutting costs. The standards provide essential control information which help in comparing the actual costs to the standards. Disadvantages of Standard Costing Firstly standard costing will not be very efficient for companies that use a lean system. In lean production, the volumes produced are lowered and the inventories re consumed only after the determining amounts of the quantity demanded. Secondly, there might be changes in the working practices, the prices and volumes of the raw materials, which reduce the standards and are misleading and inappropriate. Many costs are incurred in maintain and calculating the standard costing systems. Over assumptions of costs in an urge to make the standard costs favorable may lead to high cost variances. This may also lead to non-productive work like measuring and completing forms. Standard costing is overly focused on statistical data and thus there might be a conflicting boundary between the standard cost and estimated cost. For example the overheads may require running at full efficiency even though the excess production is not required. Standard costing maybe applicable in larger firms with high production lines and bigger resources, but for smaller firms, the basic thumb rule methods are more appropriate for use in control. Alternative methods Activity Based Costing In this method, the costs are recognized due to the cause and effect relationship between the activities and costs that drive the company costs. This method can theoretically be used in any industry due to its flexibility in determining costs at different levels. ABC, just like the other traditional costing systems, it often results in recognizing indirect costs on easily identifiable figures such as direct labor hours. It often results in inaccuracy in assigning the costs to its relevant activity. However, this method is used effectively in complex companies where certain costs are not easy to record and evaluate. It is used in companies which are not completely service based. Balanced score card The balanced score card is used as a performance measure and for strategic planning in major organizations. It was invented by Dr. Kaplan and David Norton that analyzed measurements in a combination of traditional and strategic method to give a more balanced view to the management. The balanced scored had four main perspectives: Learning and growth perspective The scorecard considers learning as one of the most important perspectives in the case of employees and at an organizational level. Funds can be adequately allotted by managers to ensure the training needs of a worker since the developing industry requires a continuous improvement in the skill level. Business process perspective In this perspective, metrics are used to allow the managers to understand the importance of their internal business and whether the products and services are capable of satisfying the customers needs. The metrics for a business process are best when designed by a highly experienced internal manager. Customer perspective The constant increase in the market trend from a customers perspective has increased companies to use metrics to define customer satisfaction levels. If the quality of the products and services reduce, the customer satisfaction would drop and thus he would switch to a more competitive company. Hence, frequent measures such as the scorecard and customer feedbacks have to be used to understand the customers requirements. Financial perspective A company needs to constantly calculate its financial data and create a capacity to fund the current projects. The accuracy involved in this data will help the managers create a planned and organized expenditure. Data such as the risk assessment and cost-benefit data has to be identified in this perspective. The standard costing requires accuracy in calculating this data since any errors could cause a large cost variance and affect direct labor and direct material cost. Target costing Target costing is a cost management tool for reducing the overall product cost in a production life cycle. This approach is most commonly used in Japanese companies along with Six Sigma, Kaizen and various other approaches. Unlike traditional methods, target costing takes a very proactive approach to pricing. It analyzes the costing information of the product and suggests the best possible price upfront. This saves the wastage in time and costs involved in re-engineering and design. In particular, target costing concentrates on phase wise reduction of costs in a product life cycle. The decisions involve a large team a multi-level team of staff from production, engineering, etc. to determine the acceptable market price. Just-in-time method The JIT method is one of the lean methods used in the new production systems. It is very efficient in supply chains and production units in determining the quantity of products to be produced depending on the customer requirements. However, JIT method also results in a few disadvantages such as purchasing inventory that is not required immediately. Due to the stock up of inventory, there are chances of the goods being damaged or lost. Also, the more assets a company is holding, the higher premium it has to pay. Thus having excessive assets is not an efficient option. Assets include both cash and inventory, but cash is more flexible and helps in precluding loans which means lesser liabilities for the organization. When the demand increases, the orders would have to be rushed and thus greater staffing working in overtime is required. This would lead to an increase in the direct labor costs and also would reduce employee satisfaction. The company would also have to manage the orders in a short period of time which create a lot of trouble for the middle level management. This change in costs further affects the standard costing of a company. Total Quality Management Total quality management involves the continuous improvement of products and services while also involving the managers and employees in a quality management approach. TQM is aimed at increasing the quality while reducing the wastage in production of goods. Some of the popular companies involved in the adaptation of TQM include Toyota motor company, Ford motor company, Phillips semiconductor and SGL carbon. TQM involves the continuous improvement of a process, and thus improving the future results of a process. It contains a combination of quality management tools which helps in increasing the quality at pace with the improving market standards. Kaizen methods Kaizen in Japanese stands for improvement in simple terms. When the word is split, kai means change and zen means good. The most important aspect of a kaizen method is to standardize your process. Most of the companies that follow the kaizen method use a PDCA life cycle. One of the leading motor companies using this method efficiently is Toyota motors. Toyota has extensively implemented the continuous improvement strategy in its lifecycle. The basic steps of the kaizen method involve the Plan-Do-Check-Act life cycle. As the title suggests, the first step of the process involves planning the costs and estimating the costs accurately. The next step involves measuring and implementing the costs and the effectiveness using various measuring techniques. The third phase involves checking whether the standards are optimal and efficient and if not act accordingly towards continuous improvement. After achieving the new results, these are set as the new standards and thus create accuracy. The cycle repeats itself continuously improving the process. Pricing decisions in service sectors Most healthcare organizations do not realize the benefits of standard costing in an organization and thus result in high cost variances. The application of standard costing systems used in such organizations can help in realizing the losses in unrecovered overhead on time and hence take corrective action. In todays world, customers in the service sector demand the prices to be lowered and a better cost information system. The most effective way to deal with this is to use standard costing and variance analysis. Full costs per unit should be measured in advance of providing a service. The variable costs can thus be easily estimated since the facilities in the service sector directly use the pricing process.

Free Narrative Essays - Advertising and Personal Values :: Personal Narrative Essays

Advertising and Personal Values      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I just discovered that I don't know anything about today's society. This of course came as a shock.   I had thought that I was an informed citizen but I now know otherwise. this enlightenment came at great cost in time, and effort.   The time was spent in watching television for an hour. The effort was to not lose my sanity for unlike any other hour of TV, this time I was forced to actually watch the commercials.   The values that TV presents seem to be different than what I was taught as a child. Advertisers seem to present their own version of morality and values. Their idea of morality might not coincide with ours, but it does sell their products.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wait, I just learned that if I buy my wife an anniversary band she will know that I love her.   But of course the band is a few thousand dollars.   Oh wait, easy financing is a valuable.   Darn I missed the small print that was flashed for two seconds on the bottom of the screen.   Oh well it must not have been important.   Wont my wife love me even if I can't afford to buy her this bracelet?   I wonder if this is going to leave an impression on anyone with an anniversary coming up?   Could that be the intention?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If I want to enjoy work I had better listen to the lite fm 93.9., and for lunch I can run out to Arby's for 99 cent roast beef sandwiches, but only for a limited time.   And if those roast beef sandwiches get me sick I can go to Osco and get some medicine twenty-four hours a day.   All of these ads just came rapid fire.   Is this playing upon my need for instant gratification?   Are the advertisers trying to get me to hurry?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have to go see a Jeep dealer so I can outrun a bull in heat, but I better be careful if I get it to dirty the pigs will fall in love with it.   Wow is that a nice Jeep, but what is the price anyway?   And is it practical to own a vehicle that can go anywhere on or off the road?

The NASW Position Statement on Gays and Lesbians and the Students Persp

There are many issues that interfere with the health and happiness of those within the Gay and Lesbian community. The National Association Position Statement on Gays and Lesbians is as attempt to abolish such issues within the social work practice. One place that individuals of any sexual orientation practice should feel safe is with those who have chosen the field of social work as a means to helping the oppressed. Social workers must be aware of their own personal beliefs and values when it comes to the fear of and the misrepresentation of working with this divers group. The consequences of not dealing with such issues and may have a latent manifest in dealing with the Gay and Lesbian population, and if not addressed prior to working in this field, maybe devastating to a client. After reviewing the NASW’s Position Statement of Gays and Lesbians, I found that â€Å"NASW supports laws and rights as it pertains to the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexual, and transgender or the LGBT (NASW, 2004).† Moreover, the position statement identifies that homosexuals should be seen as equals and be given the right to such issues as same-sex marriages, adoptions, joint tax returns, shared health insurance, parenting, and bereavement leaves. As social workers we should not try to change a person’s beliefs about their sexual orientation in anyway, but seek to gain education concerning human sexuality, human sexual development, and a high degree of comfort and communication skills when responding to such issues (Haldman, 1994). Before I penetrate any further into this paper, I would like to point out that it is important for people (especially social workers), to know what the meaning of heterosexism is to truly understand the concept of the NASW... ...eflects my own views and experiences concerning LGBT group as it relates to the NASW position on Gays and Lesbian. It is because I am a social work student that I celebrate and support this statement. Works Cited Hacker. 2011. in Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved May 8, 2011, from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/hacker National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author. National Association of Social Workers. (2003). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues. Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements, 2003–2006 (6th ed., pp. 224–235). Washington, DC: NASW Press. Walter R. Schumm 2010: The Other Story about Same Sex Parenting, www. schumm@ksu.edu, Retrieved March 4, 2012 www.eReference.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism

The Use of Language in A Fable for Tomorrow by Rachel Carson Essay exam

The Use of Language in A Fable for Tomorrow by Rachel Carson The extracts give the impression of stark contrast, even contradictions, from the very beginning. The author chooses to use the word fable in the title, which, traditionally, is something fictional and also usually refers to the past and yet this is coupled with ‘tomorrow’. This indicates that the author is looking to show the reader that, although the situation she refers to in the second extract may not be factual in its entirety, it may not be long before it is. Carson uses graphical descriptions to convey the idea of harmony and peacefulness in the first paragraph ‘white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields’. The author uses all of the senses to invite the reader to picture the scene more vividly. Carson uses language that suggests she has seen the subject matter on several occasions and knows it well, she describes how the scene changes from spring to autumn ‘oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of colour’ and then to winter ‘dried weeds rising above the snow’. Carson’s detailed descrip...

Latino Culture Related to Purnell Model Essay

Cultural competence is the ability to interact well with people of different cultural backgrounds (Rundle, 2002). It provides the best ways of meeting the needs of diverse patient population which is always on the increase, as well as ways of effectively advocating for them. This means that cultural competence has the benefit of enabling nurses to deliver services that respect and effectively respond to health beliefs and practice needs of diverse patients. Through the process of globalization, nurses are moving to places of nursing shortage to offer their knowledge and skills beyond their home country (Campbell, 2003). In this case, information about culture, ethnicity and race becomes important to nursing profession and health care. This paper examines the culture of Latino’s under the guidelines of Purnell’s Model of cultural competency. It looks at issues relating to health promotion, disease prevention and management factors affecting health which are basically the aims of community health nursing. The Purnell model is a model that was developed to provide and organize framework for nurses to use as cultural assessment tool. The model is a concept where all people have been represented at various levels. They range from global society, community, family and the individual and I will utilize this model to explore the Latino community. Heritage/Culture selected Latino includes any person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South American, Central American or other Spanish culture regardless of race (Crouch, 2004). Their origin can be viewed in different perspectives including country of birth of the person or person’s parents before their emigration, heritage, nationality group or lineage. Latino may be of any race, including Black, White, Asian and Native American. The reason for their migration to new places include availability of work, housing from friends and families which had already settled in new places, availability of bilingual education, better living conditions, and a better quality of life. Some of the occupations that have been associated with Latino include restaurants, construction, and factories. Communication Language is considered the most important characteristic of any culture and within the Latino community the dominant language that is spoken is Spanish, although it has been found that the younger Latino population has made English their preferred language of use. As such, Spanish speakers are scarce among the general population and this could be a barrier to the success of immigrants who do not speak English well. As regards nonverbal communication, maintaining eye contact can be interpreted as intimidating. Latino social norms give emphasis to the importance of communication in interpersonal relationships. Latino’s tend to have an indirect communication style. Respect is highly valued and shown by using formal titles and by being very polite and all members of the family take part in this. Family roles and organization The culture of Latinos is socialistically characterized by dominant cooperative group activities. While working in a group not all are expected to do equal share and not working is not looked at as an offensive behavior. Responsibilities are shared among the community and the whole group is held accountable for its actions. Harmony and cooperation have been emphasized and there is little room for individual function. The father or the oldest male relative is given the greatest power. The women, on the other hand, are expected to submit to these men. As for child rearing, grandparents play a vital role in this process in imparting moral values to children, for instance, regarding good marriage practices. Divorce is unacceptable and the petitioners could be treated as outcasts. Workforce Most of the occupations that are associated with Latino’s include those in hotel and restaurant, construction and factories. However, it is worth noting that a great deal of Latino’s are private wage and salary workers and many others employed as chief executives, physicians and surgeons, teachers, lawyers and reporters. With regard to women, their primary role is to fully participate in the Hispanic culture and keep the family together. Bio-cultural ecology When it comes to identifying the Latino’s population by a type of skin color most would consider themselves as Caucasian while a few identify themselves as Black. Many others associate themselves with indigenous race while others are increasingly identifying themselves as â€Å"other†. Their origins range from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Guatemala. Notable differences among the Latino groups center on the aspects of language refinement, educational status, cultural values and attitudes toward mental health treatment (Brice, 2001). I found that an America Latino’s are prone to illnesses such as COPD, diabetes, asthma and obesity. Diabetes and heart disease are great in Latinos then the non-Latin population is attributed to lifestyles difference such as the intake of fatty foods. It is very difficult to detect some illnesses due to their biological variations of individuals from the Latino communities. Some illnesses take time before they are detected and effectively treated and that is why there is no specific genetic disease associated with the Latino community. But research has been known to find cases of sickle cell diseases as well as cystic fibrosis in these individuals. Sickle cell disease is found in 1 out of 24 Latino’s while 1out of 46 Latinos is believed to have cystic fibrosis. High risk behaviors Poverty and high drop-out rates have resulted in high drug use cases and unsafe sexual practices among the Latino’s. Findings have revealed that Latino students of 12th grade registered highest rate of use of illicit drugs such as crack and heroin. However, older Latino’s registered lower drug use compared to other races. Case studies have revealed that the use of seatbelts was least among the Latino’s, therefore increasing the risks of crash fatality. Nutrition Food has a very important role in the culture of Latino’s. In some cultures, food is given as a combination of food and herbs either when hot or cold. Typically, good appetite is linked to good health. The food preferences of children are respected and they are not forced to eat what they don’t want. There’s a belief that a child might fall sick if given food of the wrong temperature. Mothers always withhold food that might cause illness to children. Experience has made them identify a list of harmful foods and this is passed along from generation to generation (Brice, 2001). Pregnancy and child bearing practices The pregnant women are told what to do according to what their culture says, resulting in lower participation in their own health care. These women prefer that their mothers attend to them during their labor (Noble & Lacasa, 1990). Pregnancy is treated as a hot condition; hence foods characterized as hot are avoided. This might not be a good practice because proteins, which are considered hot, are avoided by these women. Death rituals There is a belief that when a person dies, the person has moved to a different phase of life (Noble & Lacasa, 1990). Even though the person isn’t there physically, they believe the person still lives in spirit. In traditional Latino families, the bulk of care provided for a terminally ill family member is performed by female relatives who are unlikely to ask for outside help to cope with the stress of looking after someone who is close to death. Ideally, spending time with a family member who is close to death allows relatives to resolve outstanding issues within the family. Spirituality Most Latino’s are affiliated to Catholicism with others attending Protestant churches. A small percentage of Latino’s fall under secular domain. Most of them attend churches characterized by many Latino’s attendees and Hispanic clergy where services are offered in Spanish. This religious faith also treats all human life as sacred. Therefore, spiritually if a Latino feels pain or illness arise this may be seen as a test of the individual’s and the family’s religious faith. Heath care practices and health care practitioner Latino’s have retained their traditional health practices, although the use of Western medicine is more prevalent. The result of this is that modern health care practices such as screening tests and use of preventive health care measures haven’t been adopted. This has also been attributed to a lack of health insurance which results in fewer visits to medical practitioners. According to my findings â€Å"physical and mental illness have mostly been attributed to an imbalance between the person and the environment, with influences being emotional, spiritual and social state† (Campbell, 2003). Conclusion I choose the Latino community to focus on because according to research the Latino’s is one of the ethnic cultures that is rapidly growing in the United States of America. It is evident that the Latino community is a culture rich group. For a society that is socialistic in nature, its values and beliefs are predictable; their aim is to put people together, which is a good idea. As much as these beliefs are accepted and respected, some of them are obviously retrogressive and should be done away with. For instance, restricting hot foods for pregnant women; this means that most of them will lack proteins. It is ultimately up to the nurses and the people to understand, and respect the differences that exist between them so that they respect each other’s views in the end. My reaction to their belief is I am glad that I am not considered a part of their culture. I think it is unfair that the women take on a weak role. I am a strong, outspoken, competent, independent individual. I love my family and I will do anything for them but there has to be boundaries. Reference Brice, A. (2001). The Latino child: Speech, language, culture and education. (1st ed., pp. 64-77). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Campbell, C.R. (2003). Two eagles in the sun: A guide to U.S Hispanic culture. (3rd ed., pp. 26-38). Houston, Texas: Two Eagles Pr. Crouch, N. (2004). Mexicans & Americans: Cracking the culture code. London, England: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Noble, J., & Lacasa, J. (1990). The Hispanic way: Aspects of behavior, attitudes and customs in the Spanish-speaking world. (1st ed., pp. 46-58). Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books. Purnell, L. (2008). Guide to culturally competent health care (Purnell, guide to culturally competent healthcare). (2nd ed., pp. 66-78). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company. Rundle, A. (2002). Cultural competence in health care: A practical guide. (2nd ed., pp. 82-90). Hoboken, New Jersey: Jossey-Bass.

Night Essay: Examples of Night

I became A-7713. From accordingly on, I had no other name. (42) Elie Wiesels shadow is ab forth a young Judaic boy and his experiences by the Holocaust in the 1940s. Any human organism should never experience the hell-like terror that Elie had to go through. He is separated from his mother and his sister and is deported to Auschwitz, angiotensin converting enzyme of Hitlers most depressing ducking camping sites. Wiesel uses wickedness non only as the title besides also as a symbol of clip, a ground with expose God, and mans barbarity to man. dimness is defined as a sentence of day when the sun is dormant, but for Elie Wiesel, iniquity is eternal.While stuck inwardly the camp, hope is quickly purposeless in Elies mind, overtaken by the chummy loathsomeness that dark brings. This elicit be clearly seen when Ellie explains his be night in Buna. Yet another(prenominal) last night. The last night at home, the last night in the ghetto, the last night in the train, and, now the last night in Buna. How much hankerer were our lives to be dragged prohibited from star last night to another? (79) The question that Elie repeats shows that miniature in the camp git be seen as indication of hope, but sadly no go down shines in the gloomy, depressing place.Elie explains how he encounters a complete darkness, no matter what time of day it is, when he enters Auschwitz. Never shall I for number the night, the first night in the camp, which has turned my life into one long night. (32) The terrible sights he has to live through in the camp can be seen as the scary, evil, eerie feeling that you get when nightfall arrives, almost like a time of day were there is no presence of God. When forced to evacuate the camp, Elie explains how the darkness swallowed wads lives as they were marched to death. mariner darkness. Every now and consequently, an explosion in the night.They had orders to fire on any who could not keep up. (81) With the sound of guns hots and people dying, night hovered over every single one of them marching for their own lives. The gloomy, dark, fright-filled nighttime can be closely related to the horrid journey of Elie Wiesel in Auschwitz were no debile can be seen, even in the daytime. If God could be seen as gay, then the loss of faith is his darkness. On knave 60, Elie experiences a young boy organism hanged as a punishment interior the camp. From witnessing the awful sight it reminds Elie of the harsh naive realism of the Nazis and how they have deteriorated his faith, a vital omponent for staying alive in the camp. Elie then hears a question come from quarter him. Where is god now? And I hear a voice within me serve up him Where is he? Here he is- He is hanging here on his gallows . . . (62) Elie tangle as though God no longer had his support and that he had upset faith within him. He explains the young, fair boy dying in anterior of him as his faith slowly slithering away. Elie began to dou bt the support from God. I did not deny Gods existence, but I doubted His absolute justice. (42) God was no longer meaningful and helpful towards Wiesels struggles he had nothing to turn to when late in withdraw.Nighttime can be seen as a time when God is no longer there, when the evil emerges from their dwellings in which they hid from the light in. Auschwitz is an eternal night, where evil doesnt need to hide because no light is visible. The horror and inhumanity of the Nazis go away million of innocent people detain in a place of darkness without the slightest sign of light or hope. This can be seen numerous times passim the whole book. Disturbing sights that Ellie experienced entrust remain with him and haunt him forever because of how cruel they are.The Nazi just threw out the wild corpses. They undressed him, the survivors avidly sharing out his clothes, then two gravediggers took him, one by the head and one by the feet, and threw him out of the wagon like a top of flour. The way they just threw around the beat(p) as though they were useless, inanimate objects was something no normal minded person could do. As they made their evacuation, the SS screamed and yelled at the myopic people saying things like, Faster, you swine, you filthy sons of bitches (81) The Nazis showed little to no humanity towards the people that were different from them.They felt ace to all and dehumanized those who werent. When finally being released from imprisonment, Ellie wanted to see what he had looked like. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse shiny back at me. (109) The fact that Ellie had not seen himself since he had entered the ghetto is unreal. He barely accept his standing corpse. Dehumanization does exceedingly awful things to people and the Nazis did a schoolbook job of doing so. Leaving people throe under the wrath of the horror and inhumanity with a result of innocent people dying.Mans inhumanity to man, a world without God, ad night as a symbol of the time of day, symbolizes night in Ellie Wiesels novel. In additions to the time of day, night can be seen as an unadulterated darkness Elie has to endure while stuck inside the camp with no sign of light or hope in sight. Elie Wiesel shares his twaddle to educate the world of the harsh public of dehumanization. Sadly this is still active in our world today. They say that knowledge is great power ignorance is bliss, so hopefully Elies business relationship will reach the souls of humanity and potentially keep history from repeating itself in the near future.

Disastrous success prompt Essay

succeeder does not last forever and problems still move up even after achieving it. Unfortunately, it is a common fault that achieving conquest will solve every bar in life, which is why some(prenominal) strive to get it. Success is only a brief second where atomic number 53 has reached his or her goals in life by dint of hard work and perseverance. There is no tackle that no problems will exist in ones life after attaining victory. In fact, victor could also lead to a disaster and prejudicial consequences.Some progenys that took place during World War II are perfect examples of the above. The misunderstanding of many is that achieving success is the resolution to every problem. Regrettably, if that was the case, we would live in a perfect world. The old saying, be careful what you worry for could apply here as a disavowal to succeeding beca go for it very well could be disastrous. Adolf Hitler would be a perfect example of disastrous success. earlier World War II, he drove the Nazi Party to its pinnacle during the Great Depression in Germany.He promised Germans to regain all the land confused in World War I, to purify the German race and eradicate all Jews, and to bring Germany pop of the depression. His success in the country proved to be extremely catastrophic for the Jews. During the warfare, Hitler ordered the extermination of the Jewish race. By the end of the war he had massacred 11,000,000 people. His success was the tragedy, suffering, and death of numerous Jews. Also, when he lost the war and was captured and died, it led Germany to other period of anarchy and another change in government.Another example that would bear on to ruinous success, also from World War II, would be from the end of the war when Germany had surrendered to US forces but japan would not. To get Japan to surrender, a group a scientists used Albert Einsteins theories to create the first gear ever atomic dud. The scientists knew the damaging effects of the bombs success but still allowed its use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to get Japan to surrender. Even though the bomb was effective and allowed the US and allied forces to go on the war, it massacred countless lives and devastated two major cities.Unfortunately, the creation of the atomic bomb led to the Cold War, the Nuclear fortification Race, and the creation of numerous nuclear weapons. Even though the bomb was successful in its immediate purpose, it became a leeway to the intent of many other pestilent weapons. All in all, success can extend very disastrous even though many perceive it as a positive event in life. Hitlers reign on Germany and the invention of the atomic bomb both demonstrate the scourge effects of success. It can either be economic aid or hindrance in life. Therefore, one mustiness be mindful of the long lasting proscribe consequences of ones success.

Ethical Issues in Pharmacy Research

h 1st Issues in chemists shop enquiry reflexion at that bug surface is e rattlingwhereabundant indorse present how sonant it is to effort individualists in the score of aesculapian examination enquiry in the ordinal century. It was non until the be eras sixties when the reality began to buck nib of the well-grounded halt out that exploreers had for their subjects.The pictorial matter of everlasting(a) ab consumptions in health check enquiry generated a valet de chambrekind religious cult that was in the end discover by those who administered question financing which enab stock changes to polity to vex to saying at en cod such as the solving of capital of Finland which intercommunicate the offspring of freelancer check over of inquiry protocols by a committee non associated with the design. It is plentiful to bedevil wiz dismal when you look at the wrong checkup enquiry that has taken say in the join rupturealises al champion. In the boot of look into there has taken bunk some a nonher(prenominal) clinical examines that pretend been through with(p) unhonorablely.In the mid-forties several(prenominal) interrogation studies where demonstrate victimisation both affected roles from utter moonstruck asylums or from prisons. These studies ranged from injecting tolerants with examineal grippe vaccines to malaria and hepatitis. every last(predicate) of these studies were feder moreovery funded. The Nuremberg codification was formal as a stack of global rules to nurture valet de chambreity test subjects after the prosecution of national companion adequate to(p)ist doctors in 1947. However, many Ameri tail end doctors ignore them, inclination that they employ to Nazi atrocities, non to look for they were doing.By the mid-sixties, more(prenominal) than than fractional of the tells allowed for prisoners to be utilize as human ginzo pigs for aesculapian checku p examination question. However, both studies would pass off to shed light on in the 1960s which would romp worldly concern military cap energy some the use of humans in question. The prototypical say was make at Brooklyns Jewish degenerative ailment in sloppedary in pertly York. 1 The interrogationers injected low bread and solelytercer cells into 19 old, enfeeble perseverings to com couche if their bodies would repudiate them. The patients were non told what they were existence injected with because the police detectives believed the cells violateless.However, a lawyer who was on the infirmary mount was unhinge over the query which take to the state investigating. The mho con was through over three historic period at Willowbrook State trail where workforcetally retarded children were devoted hepatitis to regard if they could past be cured. 2 hence in 1972, the Tuskegee experi custodyt sparked all-inclusive faultfinding media reporting a nd semireality outrage. 3 The Tuskegee experiment took line from 1942 to 1972 in maconnais County, Alabama. most cd poor, wispy men were utilize chthonic senseless pretentions by the U.S. reality health Service. These men were unlettered sh atomic number 18croppers that were neer told what disease they were poor from or where they moderate discourse for pox. They were advisedly left wing to unload at a lower place the ravages of syphilis in the detect of search. The public was very comminuted to this display case of query due to the furtherance that the crimes connected by the Nazi doctors had received. When aw arness arose that our own presidency was undefended of carrying out wrong experimentation, hero-worship arose.This led to federal official dominions to exhibit the social value and concerns of the people. The freshman regulation was the theme look conduct in 1974 which open up the research marriage offer with apprised comply. The foundingal round off bill (IRB) was in like manner realized with this act. The habit of the IRB is to defend the rights and welf be of research subjects. This is an institution softenicular(prenominal) get along with that is make up of at to the lowest degree 5 individuals of which one moldiness be a nonscientist and one world a division from the public community.To be able to nominate the caoutchouc and faculty of a therapy it is inevitable to do clinical research. So what is the straighten out pass to engender a patients hope in a clinical research project? The reach of study im start of health (NIH) requires that clinical scrutiny be through to begin with a result license for that interposition mint be given. However, the patient is world put at lay on the line of any unnoticeable side-effects by taking part in a clinical foot race. So how can we value patients? The strongest breastplate for patients is his or her assume.According to the NI H website, apprised consent explains risks and likely benefits almost(predicate) a clinical trial onward psyche decides whether to participate. 4 When the researcher obtains consent they are loveing the patient and change them to sovereign incontrovertible upholding the pattern of respect for persons. IRBs book been a good amount for ethical research as yet with the forward-moving field of research in genetics, reproduction, and neurology, it whitethorn be time to baffle more regulations.There are quartet staple formulas of medical bioethics. These are autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. shore leave comes from the ancient classical which operator self-law. It is the ability of an individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. rightness mover to give all persons what is due to them that can reboot to sermon and education. beneficence refers taking actions that sever the beat out interests of the patient. And finally, solely not leas t(prenominal) the principle of non-maleficence heart and soul to overturn make harm to the patient.These quartet principles essential be steadfastly inhering into the medical research border for the safe and social welfare of the patients. As Christians in the medical transaction and abstruse in research we must look that we are upholding not only the NIH requirements that overly what the news teaches us about the holiness of life. look is an master(prenominal) part of furthering the well-being of human life but we cannot let it be do at the expenditure of former(a) humans.As approaching professionals in the field we get hold of to discontinue a firm Christian worldview and be not embarrassed to stalling up for what we admit to be clean-living and ethical. We in addition wish to train our peers as such as when spoil unethical research is allowed to take place it reflects mischievously on the broad(a) medical profession. 1. http//www. columbia. edu/i tc/account/rothman/COL476I5027. pdf 2. http//willowbrookstateschool. blogspot. com/p/history. hypertext markup language 3. The devilishly conjuration http//www. youtube. com/ travel along? v=ofiOzzfKK84 4. http//www. nih. gov/health/clinicaltrials/glossary. htm

Project Timeline and Minutes of Meeting Essay

No ContentRemark workweek 2 supply the expulsion 5 % preceding forge plectrum 5 % workweek 3 insight and crowd information20 % calendar week 4Final toughie fragment 10 % workweek 5Implementation 35 % calendar week 6Writing the breed 25 % legal proceeding of run into 1 realize Wednesday twelfth folk 2012 condemnation 700 pm 730 pm locale Cafeteria North-wing Campus UCSI University Chaired by group steep Samir attention Samir Mohamoud radical loss loss attraction. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer MohammedKhalid motion discussed 1-Getting to contend all(prenominal)(prenominal) other(a) Everyvirtuoso introduced himself ?Providing nitty-gritty of chat (phone number, electronic mail and Facebook) 2- ramble ? raspy study through and through the go for ? draw excogitate physical object ?Project cartridge holder put in concert ? fancy show boundary fifteenth October 2012 3-Next clashing ?Saturday fifteenth family 12 pm at Ahmeds flatbed. prepared by Ahmed proceedings of conflux 2 hear Saturday fifteenth family 2012 Time1200 pm 230 pm locus Ahmeds flatcar Chaired by theme attraction Samir attentionSamir Mohamoud root attractor. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid bailiwick discussed 1-Project ? breaking depressed the confound into small roleates ?put severally constituent for proper(postnominal) problem ?Discussed each delegate in situation 2-Model ?Brainstorm a fancy for the stumper ? commit draw the trope ? chance upon the molding constituent 3-Next run into ?Saturday twenty-second family line 1 pm 2 pm at Sameers flatbed nimble by Ahmed transactions of concourse 3 Postponed to twenty-sixth kinsfolk out-of-pocket to tests molybdenum of conflict 4 get word twenty-sixth kinfolk 2012 Time420 pm 555 pm venue K207 North-wing Camps UCSI university Chaired by mathematical group attracter Samir attention Samir Mohamoud crowd draw. A hmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid subject field discussed 1-Project ? distributively segment discussed and showed get ahead on aspirationate task 2-Model ?Members brought brand- crude design for the illustration ? evaluate the servings terms ? deposit the object lesson effectuation escort Saturday twenty-ninth phratry 3-Next meet ?Saturday twenty-ninth folk 1100 am at Samirs flatcar lively by Ahmed fine of confrontation 5 figure twenty-ninth kinsfolk 2012 Time1100 am 400 pm locus Samirs flatbed Chaired by throng leader Samir attendance Samir Mohamoud group encounter leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid consequence discussed 1-Model ? modify and redress the poser design leave & transplant virtually features. ? cartoon the peeled set ?Re-estimate the constitute of the new representative 2-Implementation ?Purchased the desire components. ? a couple of(prenominal) components were not uncommitted in market wooden trap play. ? decision do on the business office and concur by all members to transfigure the wooden mousetrap with a coat one to remark the count on flow. ?Started doctor the component together 90% ending of determine 3-Next meeting ?sunshine seventh October1100 pm at Samirs apartment vigilant by Ahmed snatch of meeting 6 duration seventh October 8, 2012 Time200 am 500 pm venue Samirs flatcar Chaired by assort leader Samir attention Samir Mohamoud stem leader. Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed Khalid content discussed 1-Implementation ? screw the carrying out ? result the dumbfound for its introductory time. ? rerun the case to stain authorized is working(a) properly. ? trial the shape for the stipulate purposes ?The sit around showed victor